On approval of the Strategy for the development of the Nuclear industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2050

Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 15, 2026 No. 1233.

 I DECREE:

     1. To approve the attached Strategy for the development of the Nuclear industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2050.

     2. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, state bodies directly subordinate to and accountable to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as central state and local executive bodies, shall take measures arising from this Decree.

     3. Control over the implementation of this Decree is entrusted to the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

     4. This Decree shall enter into force from the date of its signing.

President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

K. Tokaev

Approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on April 15, 2026 No. 1233

Strategies for the development of the nuclear industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2050

Content

     1. Introduction

     2. Analysis of the current situation

     3. Main provisions: goals and principles, vision and approaches to the development of the nuclear industry

     4. Conclusion

1. Introduction

     The Strategy for the Development of the Nuclear Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2050 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) is a long-term program document defining the goals, approaches and priorities of state policy in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. It has been developed taking into account global trends and internal challenges, and is aimed at ensuring national energy security and sustainable economic growth, developing high-tech industries, and fulfilling international climate commitments.

     According to forecasts by the International Energy Agency, global electricity consumption will double by 2050. This growth is due to a number of factors: demographic and economic development, accelerated industrialization, electrification of transport, as well as the large-scale expansion of energy-intensive digital infrastructure. With such a rapid increase in energy demand, countries are adjusting their energy strategies, implementing new projects and increasing their energy potential.

     In this context, the role of the nuclear power plant (hereinafter - NPP) is currently being reviewed in the world as a reliable source of basic clean energy contributing to long-term energy security.

     At the Second International Nuclear Energy Summit, held in Paris in March 2026, the international community emphasized that civilian nuclear energy is an important development factor, contributes to strengthening the economy and technological independence, as well as increases the competitiveness of countries, creates jobs and stimulates the introduction of modern technologies.

     Also, in the context of global efforts to combat climate change, nuclear generation is considered as a reliable and environmentally friendly source of energy. Kazakhstan, being a party to the Paris Agreement, has committed itself to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, and considers the development of nuclear energy as one of the key instruments of state policy.

     In the energy sector, nuclear generation is considered as an important component of ensuring energy security and sustainable coverage of the growing demand for electricity. At the same time, in the ecological direction, it acts as an effective mechanism for reducing the carbon footprint and achieving carbon neutrality. Also, in the context of industrial and technological development, nuclear energy is a driver of the formation of the national nuclear industry, stimulating related industries and increasing the level of localization of technologies.

     In world practice, the development of nuclear energy is a key area of the nuclear industry, around which the development of a full-fledged industry is built. Special importance is attached to the comprehensive development of scientific research, the introduction of applied nuclear technologies, the training of highly qualified personnel, the rational use of uranium resources, the improvement of nuclear fuel cycle technologies, radiation safety, as well as the development of related sectors of the economy.

     In the international arena, Kazakhstan has established itself as a responsible and reliable partner, taking a leading position in terms of natural uranium production, contributing to strengthening global nuclear security through the deployment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Low-enriched Uranium Bank, voluntarily renouncing its nuclear arsenal, and consistently supporting the nuclear nonproliferation regime.

     A systematic approach to the development of the nuclear industry is necessary for the effective use of existing potential, overcoming institutional and technological barriers, as well as integration into global technological processes. International experience shows that the sustainable development of the nuclear industry requires a long-term strategy aligned with national priorities and backed by government support.

     This Strategy is a logical continuation of key decisions taken at the highest state level. At the end of 2024, public support for the construction of a nuclear power plant was expressed in a republican referendum. Taking into account the national interests and peculiarities of our country's development, the holding of the referendum provided a broad national dialogue and became a vivid example of the implementation of the principle of a "listening state".

     Subsequently, at the beginning of 2025, the country's leadership was instructed to form a strategic document providing for long-term approaches to the development of the nuclear industry, thereby defining this industry as a strategic direction for the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

     In this regard, the development of nuclear energy, industry and science, and the introduction of modern, efficient and safe nuclear technologies into the economy are identified as priorities.

     In March 2025, the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Atomic Energy, an authorized state body directly subordinate to and accountable to the President of the country, was established to provide institutional support for state policy in the nuclear industry.

     Taking into account the above, the implementation of the Strategy will make it possible to form a modern and sustainable nuclear cluster in Kazakhstan, integrated into the global nuclear ecosystem, and will become an important element in ensuring the country's energy and technological independence.

2. Analysis of the current situation

     Kazakhstan has significant potential for the formation of a competitive nuclear industry, which is of strategic importance in the context of global energy and climate challenges.

     Today, Kazakhstan has one of the largest proven uranium reserves in the world, a well-developed infrastructure for its extraction and processing, production of nuclear fuel, a powerful research and technological base, as well as experience in operating nuclear installations and qualified specialists. These resources form a solid foundation for the launch and development of the national nuclear energy program.

     Taking into account national potential and strategic needs, it is necessary to build a systemic institutional and infrastructural development of the nuclear sector in order to transition to a full-fledged industry.

     For the development of the national nuclear industry as a whole, the possibility of creating nuclear clusters with the development of nuclear energy and industry, nuclear science and applied nuclear technologies, waste management and safety systems, as well as comprehensive training of highly qualified domestic personnel and the creation of new jobs is being considered.

     Nuclear power industry

     Today, nuclear energy is once again coming to the fore as a reliable, predictable and highly efficient source of basic generation capable of providing stable electricity supply for many decades.

     According to the IAEA, at the beginning of 2026, 413 nuclear reactors with a total capacity of 377 GW are in operation in 31 countries, and 69 more units are under construction. The geography of the projects covers both developed and developing countries.

     Figure 1. Reactors under construction by country

     Also, most countries are considering, planning or starting nuclear energy development programs. For example, countries such as Poland, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Indonesia and others are at the stage of developing national nuclear energy programs, while Turkey, Egypt and Bangladesh have already begun construction of their first nuclear power plants.

     The European Commission has acknowledged that the policy of phasing out civilian nuclear energy in a number of European countries was a strategic mistake. In this regard, the European Union is taking steps to review its policy, including the creation of specialized financial mechanisms aimed at supporting investments in innovative and safe nuclear technologies.

     An additional confirmation of the global course was the signing by more than 20 countries at the COP28 climate Conference of the Declaration on a threefold increase in Nuclear Generation by 2050, to which Kazakhstan joined in 2024.

     For Kazakhstan, the choice in favor of nuclear energy is due not only to global trends, but also to objective internal challenges related to the need to diversify sources of reliable basic generation and a shortage of generating capacities.

     According to the Projected Balance of electric energy and capacity in the Unified Electric Power System of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter referred to as the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan) for 2026-2032, the additional capacity requirement, taking into account the projected reserve, may amount to about 2,660 MW in 2032.

The shortage of electricity is especially felt in the southern and western regions. To ensure the stability of the energy system, a systematic and step-by-step approach is needed, providing for the construction of several nuclear power plants, taking into account regional specifics.

     In parallel, a large-scale modernization and development of the network infrastructure is required. The full integration of new nuclear facilities into the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan will require the construction of high-voltage power lines, substations, network connection elements and transport logistics facilities.

     It is important to note that the development of nuclear energy gives the country not only energy, but also significant socio-economic effects. Large-scale construction and industrial projects stimulate the development of related industries such as precision engineering, metallurgy, and the production of construction and electrical materials. Thousands of jobs are being created both at the construction stages (up to 10,000 people at the peak of the construction of one nuclear power plant), as well as in engineering, scientific, educational and service structures. The qualifications of national personnel are being improved, export potential is being strengthened, and regional development is intensifying.

     To achieve these goals, Kazakhstan has a solid scientific and technical base and a unique institutional memory in the field of nuclear energy. From 1973 to 1999, the world's first BN-350 fast neutron power reactor was successfully operated in Aktau, providing not only electricity and heat generation, but also desalination of seawater, as well as conducting applied scientific research.

     Since the 1990s, basic preparatory work has been carried out in the country on the possible construction of nuclear power plants, case studies have been conducted, and an Interdepartmental Commission on the Development of the Nuclear industry has been operating. In 2018-2019, a series of studies were completed, as a result of which potential areas, types of reactor technologies and target parameters of NPP capacity were identified. The data obtained was confirmed by an international technical consultant, the Japanese consortium The Japan Atomic Power Company/Marubeni Utility Services, Ltd. In 2022, the work was updated with the participation of Kazakhstani research institutes.

     In 2023, within the framework of the INIR1 and SEED2 missions of the IAEA, international experts positively assessed the research carried out, and the technical solutions adopted confirmed the high level of Kazakhstan's readiness to develop a nuclear energy program.

     Based on the research results and taking into account the report of the IAEA experts, in December 2024, the Zhambyl district of the Almaty region was approved as the location of the NPP. Modern reactor technologies of generation III+ have been selected, which are characterized by high reliability and a modern safety system, including passive protection mechanisms capable of performing key functions without operator involvement and external power supply. The design solutions take into account international experience, including lessons learned from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, and provide for special measures to prevent the spread of radioactive materials even in the unlikely event of severe out-of-design accidents.

     Today, there is also an interest in small modular reactors (hereinafter referred to as MMR) in the context of finding solutions for energy supply to remote settlements, small towns, industrial and mining facilities, as well as for possible replacement of decommissioned coal plants. International experience shows that a high degree of scalability and flexibility of placement make MMR in demand - by the end of 2025, more than 80 MMR projects are being developed worldwide.

     _____________________________________________________________________

     1 INIR - Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Assessment

     2 SEED - Site and External Events Design Review Service services for evaluating site design and accounting for external events

     Nuclear industry

     The nuclear industry is one of the key sectors of Kazakhstan's economy, forming the technological basis of the national nuclear cluster. It covers the main stages of the pre-reactor part of the nuclear fuel cycle, including the extraction and processing of uranium, the production of uranium pellets and nuclear fuel components, as well as the production of fuel assemblies.

     Figure 2. State and prospects of development of the pre-reactor part of the nuclear fuel cycle in Kazakhstan

     It is important to note that today about 80-90% of the world's uranium production is accounted for by less than 10 countries. Moreover, according to a report by the world's leading consulting firm UxC3, the uranium market is showing a growing trend in demand for natural uranium, which is beginning to exceed supply.

     Figure 3. Forecast of supply and demand in the uranium market (million pounds of U3O8)4

     3 Uranium Market Outlook

     4 Data from the Uranium Market Outlook, UxC,2024

     Over the years of independence, the volume of uranium production in Kazakhstan has increased about 30 times from 0.8 thousand tons to 23 thousand tons. This allowed the country to become a world leader in uranium mining and strengthen its position as a reliable supplier on the international market. Production is carried out at 14 enterprises located in the Kyzylorda, Turkestan, North Kazakhstan and Akmola regions, 12 of which are joint ventures of the National Atomic Company Kazatomprom Joint Stock Company with foreign partners from the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation (hereinafter - Russia), France, Canada and Japan. Kazakhstan has the world's second largest confirmed proven uranium reserves, about 1 million tons as of early 2025, accounting for about 14% of global resources. At the same time, uranium mining is carried out using an environmentally friendly method of underground borehole leaching, which does not require ore extraction to the surface.

     In connection with the plans for the development of domestic nuclear energy, there is a need for long-term sustainable and predictable fuel supply. At the same time, a number of mines are expected to close in the coming years. As a result, the country's uranium production may decrease after 2035. In this regard, Kazakhstan's priorities are to replenish and increase its resource base through new exploration, evaluation and exploration activities, the development and implementation of new mining methods to improve the efficiency of extracting uranium raw materials, and the creation of a strategic uranium reserve. The Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Subsoil and Subsurface Use" provides for mechanisms for regulating subsurface use operations for the extraction of uranium.

     With regard to the development of the nuclear fuel cycle, today the Ulba Metallurgical Plant Joint Stock Company (hereinafter - UMP JSC) is producing uranium pellets, as well as implementing a project for the production of fuel assemblies using French technology, which exports finished nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants of the People's Republic of China.

     In addition, the IAEA Low-Enriched Uranium Bank is located on the territory of UMP JSC, which serves as a guaranteed mechanism for providing low-enriched uranium for the production of nuclear fuel for the IAEA member countries.

     At the same time, Kazakhstan's lack of its own uranium conversion and enrichment facilities does not allow it to create a complete nuclear fuel cycle. In this regard, in order to increase the technological independence of the industry, the possibility of developing uranium conversion plants is being considered, as well as various options for ensuring reliable supplies of enrichment services, taking into account geopolitical factors and economic feasibility.

     Thus, the strategic development of Kazakhstan's nuclear industry should be based on three key areas.

     Firstly, the rational and efficient use of the subsoil, as well as geological exploration and measures to replenish the resource base, which will preserve the uranium potential for future generations.

     Secondly, systematic work on production regulation aimed at reducing the risks of resource scarcity and ensuring long-term sustainability.

     Thirdly, the transition from the export-raw materials model to resource-innovative development, which ensures the qualitative renewal of the industry and the formation of higher added value within the country.

     The comprehensive implementation of these measures will strengthen Kazakhstan's energy and national security, as well as enhance its role as a reliable supplier of uranium products.

     Nuclear science and applied technologies

     The construction of a nuclear power plant forms a new stage in the development of nuclear science in the Republic of Kazakhstan, giving it a systematic and applied character. The implementation of the nuclear energy program creates a steady demand for the development of its own research and experimental base, applied research and engineering competencies, as well as for the training of highly qualified scientific and engineering personnel. Under these conditions, nuclear science is becoming a key element of the national nuclear program, providing scientific and technical support and justification for decisions made at all stages of the nuclear energy life cycle.

     In international practice, nuclear science performs the function of independent scientific and technical expertise and the formation of a scientific order, ensuring the adaptation of foreign technologies to national conditions and reducing technological and regulatory risks. The formation of its own scientific expertise allows the state to make informed decisions in the field of nuclear energy, based on scientifically sound data.

In international practice, nuclear science performs the function of independent scientific and technical expertise and the formation of a scientific order, ensuring the adaptation of foreign technologies to national conditions and reducing technological and regulatory risks. The formation of its own scientific expertise allows the state to make informed decisions in the field of nuclear energy, based on scientifically sound data.

     In modern conditions, nuclear science is one of the main directions in the development of fundamental and applied research, providing a scientific and technological basis for the implementation of priority tasks not only in the nuclear industry, but also in related areas of the economy. Basic research facilities - reactors, accelerators and other experimental complexes - play an important role in scientific activity, which are used to solve a wide range of scientific, technical and industrial-applied tasks, as well as to train nuclear specialists.

     In Kazakhstan, nuclear science is represented by two key scientific centers - the republican state enterprise under the right of economic management "National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (hereinafter - the National Nuclear Center) and the Republican state enterprise under the right of economic management "Institute of Nuclear Physics" (hereinafter - the Institute of Nuclear Physics), which have a unique experimental and research base. Their sites include research reactors, the Kazakhstan Thermonuclear Materials Science Reactor Tokamak (hereinafter referred to as the Tokamak complex), critical test benches, accelerators and modern laboratories.

     International scientific and technical cooperation is also actively developing, including projects by the IAEA, the International thermonuclear Reactor ITER, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), the US national laboratories and many others. Large-scale research is being carried out in the field of nuclear safety, controlled thermonuclear fusion, radiation materials science, safe decommissioning of nuclear facilities, radioactive waste management (hereinafter referred to as RW) and environmental monitoring.; production of medical and industrial isotopes; development of neutron research methods, radiation sterilization and diagnostics.

     One of the promising areas of technological development of the nuclear industry is the use of nanostructured materials, which in world practice are considered as an important factor in improving the safety, efficiency and competitiveness of nuclear and radiation technologies. Their use makes it possible to form new properties of materials and engineering systems, increase the stability of nuclear power facilities, reduce technological risks and expand the range of applied solutions.

     For example, nanostructured materials are used in promising structural and functional materials that are characterized by increased radiation resistance, thermal stability, and durability. This, in turn, makes it possible to increase the operational life of nuclear installations, increase reliability and safety, as well as their economic efficiency.

     Also, in the field of radioactive waste management and environmental safety, the development of nanotechnology makes it possible to create highly efficient purification methods, including technologies for the selective extraction of radionuclides from liquid radioactive waste.

     Separate scientific and technological support requires the development of solutions for SNF management and the formation of an optimal configuration of the nuclear fuel cycle, including the assessment of options for reprocessing, recycling and minimizing waste generation at all its stages.

     The integrated development of nanotechnology in the nuclear industry forms the basis for the creation of high-tech value chains, the integration of scientific developments into industrial practice and the strengthening of technological sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of nuclear and radiation technologies.

     Another important applied area is the development of nuclear medicine, which is located at the junction of science, technology and healthcare.

     The use of radioactive isotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is carried out with the close integration of scientific infrastructure, production facilities and clinical practice. In this regard, the existing research infrastructure in the field of nuclear and radiation technologies forms the basis for the development of the national ecosystem of nuclear medicine.

     The existing production base allows us to increase the production of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. An example of a promising radioactive isotope that is increasingly being used in nuclear medicine in the United States and European countries is lutetium-177. It is used to create so-called theranostic pairs - special drugs that simultaneously help to detect the disease and treat it. Such drugs provide personalized treatment, significantly increase the effectiveness of therapy, reduce side effects and allow effective monitoring of the course of treatment.

     Another promising area for the development of nuclear medicine is the use of nanotechnology for targeted delivery of the boron-10 isotope for boron-neutron capture therapy, related to high-tech methods of treating malignant tumors. The availability of appropriate facilities and scientific competencies in the country creates the prerequisites for the formation of a full technological cycle of this therapy - from the development, synthesis of boron-containing drugs and preclinical research to the introduction of therapeutic procedures and training specialists.

     To meet the growing domestic demand and expand exports, it is planned to build a new research reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, which will increase the range of isotope products produced.

     With the support of the IAEA, a Center for Non-Destructive Testing Methods has been established, whose activities are aimed at ensuring the quality of installation and commissioning work during the construction of nuclear power facilities, as well as conducting diagnostics and testing of components and components during operation.

     Based on the accumulated potential and the development of appropriate infrastructure, domestic scientific and industry centers will provide comprehensive scientific and technical support for the nuclear energy program in the context of the implementation of large-scale plans for the construction of nuclear power plants. In international practice, research institutes and national laboratories serve as technical support organizations. In addition, they play a key role in the licensing process required during the construction and operation of nuclear power plants, participating in the verification of design parameters, procedures and safety standards. The experience of the Republic of Belarus in this area is particularly interesting because it is closest to the conditions of Kazakhstan. The Sosny Joint Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research provides support in the creation and operation of nuclear power plants, as well as deals with the safe use of atomic energy.

     At the same time, a significant factor in the development of fundamental science and the effectiveness of the entire nuclear technology system is the availability of high-quality in-house research in the field of nuclear energy.

     According to the international information and analytical database "Web of Science Core Collection", over the past five years, Kazakhstani scientists have published more than a thousand publications on the topic of "nuclear energy", about half of which are published in journals of the first and second quartiles (Q1-Q2), which are considered the most prestigious in the scientific community.

     Nevertheless, given the significant results in the development of nuclear science, Kazakhstan still fails to fully realize the potential of its scientific base. The main challenge remains the gap between academic science and the real sector of the economy. The existing infrastructure - universities, industry research institutes and centers - are not integrated into a single scientific and innovative space. The commercialization of scientific developments is limited, and modernization of existing and construction of new nuclear, radiation and electrophysical installations is required, which will create a new level of development of nuclear technology and science.

     In this regard, the priority is the formation of a controlled interaction loop "science - engineering - industry", ensuring the transformation of scientific results into applied developments, prototypes and serial technological solutions.

     Objective prerequisites have been formed in the country for the development of knowledge-intensive territories integrating science, education and business. The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Science and Technology Policy", adopted in 2024, created the regulatory conditions for strengthening the interaction between science and the real sector of the economy. International practice confirms that such territories are an effective tool for scientific, technological and innovative development.

     In the context of the transit to the knowledge economy, the scientific and technological development of the nuclear industry requires priority attention, especially given the modern digital transformation, where science is increasingly integrated with data processing technologies, artificial intelligence and the development of computing resources.

     Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel

One of the most important tasks in the development of the nuclear industry is to ensure the safe and efficient management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel (hereinafter - SNF). These areas are of particular importance in the context of the launch of large-scale nuclear power plant construction projects in Kazakhstan and the concomitant growth in the volume of RW and SNF that require proper management, starting with minimizing their formation, including their collection, sorting, storage, processing, burial and other methods of handling based on the recommendations and safety standards of the IAEA.

     Important principles of public policy are:

     1) the precautionary principle, which means taking effective measures in the presence of risks, despite the lack of scientific and technical knowledge at the current level and the ability to accurately assess the likelihood of negative consequences.;

     2) the principle of optimization, which means reducing radiation exposure during the management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel to the lowest possible and achievable level, taking into account economic and social factors;

     3) the principle of sustainable development, which means ensuring the management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel in such a way as to avoid unacceptable impacts on future generations and ensure long-term safety.

     On the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, radioactive waste is formed both as part of ongoing activities in the field of atomic energy use and as a result of previously implemented projects, including nuclear and uranium heritage facilities. In this regard, the priority task is to ensure the safe handling of accumulated and newly formed radioactive waste. Radiation monitoring and control of these facilities, prevention of migration of radionuclides, as well as the implementation of measures for the rehabilitation of territories are of particular importance.

     There are regional and local RW storage facilities in Kazakhstan, while there are no specialized facilities for their disposal. A number of existing storage facilities are already more than 70% full, and individual facilities are projected to reach full capacity in the coming decades. Under these conditions, the transition from the practice of accumulating radioactive waste to a policy of minimizing its formation, decontamination, processing, conditioning and safe disposal becomes strategically determined.

     Similar principles of safe handling apply to SNF. The volume of SNF in Kazakhstan is currently low. The spent nuclear fuel of the BN-350 reactor unit, which was shut down in 1999, is in long-term storage on the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. The storage period of SNF is determined taking into account the prospects for the development of its processing technologies.

     At the same time, the Republic of Kazakhstan has a technological base in the field of safe SNF management of research reactors. Unique methods of handling spent highly enriched fuel have been developed, which ensure safe long-term storage with the possibility of subsequent consideration of disposal options.

     An important strategic direction for SNF management will be its use as a raw material for producing components of new fuels and materials used in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

     Taking into account the plans for the construction of nuclear power plants, international experience and national interests, the state policy in the field of SNF management will be based on a phased model that includes temporary storage of SNF in storage basins with subsequent transfer of fuel to dry storage facilities, in accordance with international practice and requirements of nuclear and radiation safety.

     The final decision on further SNF management will be made at subsequent stages of the state policy implementation and within the framework of the chosen fuel management model. Such solutions may include the processing of spent nuclear fuel and (or) its burial in appropriate geological formations using multi-stage engineering and natural barriers, as well as providing long-term forecasting and monitoring of the behavior of radionuclides in the geological environment. The implementation of these plans should be accompanied by a detailed study of the technological, economic and environmental aspects of establishing a SNF reprocessing facility in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

     Nuclear, radiation and nuclear physical safety

     Ensuring nuclear, radiation and nuclear physical safety is one of the most important priorities of state policy in the nuclear industry and a key condition for its sustainable development.

     Kazakhstan has implemented the main international standards in the field of nuclear safety and strictly adheres to the nuclear non-proliferation regime. The control covers all stages of handling nuclear and radioactive materials, including uranium mining, transportation, the use of nuclear technologies and ionizing radiation sources, medical and scientific research, and the management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.

     The functions of State control and supervision are performed by the Atomic Supervision and Control Committee under the Atomic Energy Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter referred to as the Committee).

     For the sustainable and safe development of the nuclear industry, the:

     institutional strengthening of the regulatory body (Committee);

     harmonization of the regulatory framework with the recommendations of the IAEA;

     development of the state radiation monitoring system;

     measures for the formation of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Safety Zone;

     work on the creation of a scientific and technical support organization for the scientific and technical support of state control and supervision, including the examination of safety documents during licensing, participation in research work aimed at improving the level of nuclear, radiation and nuclear physical safety, improving the regulatory framework necessary during construction, operation and decommissioning of nuclear power plants.

     Work is underway to implement the Comprehensive Nuclear Security Support Plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2025-2028 (hereinafter referred to as the Plan), jointly approved by the Republic of Kazakhstan and the IAEA, which includes a set of measures aimed at improving the effectiveness of government regulation, strengthening safety infrastructure and improving human resources.

     The implementation of the Plan will strengthen measures to protect nuclear materials and installations, ionizing radiation sources, and ensure that the national system meets modern international requirements.

     Within the framework of international obligations on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, work is underway to convert Kazakhstani reactors to low-enriched uranium fuel without loss of performance and experimental capabilities.

     Work is underway to ensure the nuclear and radiation safety of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Safety Zone and infrastructure facilities, including the rehabilitation of lands that have been subjected to excessive radioactive contamination to enable the gradual return of these lands to economic use, as well as a comprehensive environmental survey of the territories adjacent to the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.

     In support of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Kazakhstan has a geophysical monitoring network and a National Data Center that collects and processes information from Kazakh stations of the International Monitoring System.

     Along with this, an important role in ensuring the safety of the nuclear industry is played by its metrological support, which ensures the accuracy and reliability of measurements.

     The metrological support system for the nuclear industry includes a set of measures covering the creation and maintenance of state standards, training of metrologists, environmental impact monitoring infrastructure, as well as the development of international cooperation with the IAEA and leading metrological institutes.

     Currently, there are no state standards in the field of ionizing radiation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which forces us to send standards and some measuring instruments abroad for calibration and verification.

     In the context of the rapid development of the nuclear industry, the formation of a modern national system of metrological support for the industry should be proactive and considered as a strategic priority.

     All measures in the field of nuclear, radiation and nuclear physical safety are implemented taking into account the key principles of safety, information openness and environmental responsibility, including ensuring public health safety in accordance with the recommendations of the IAEA.

     Localization of production and development of Kazakhstani content in the nuclear energy development program

     The main goal of localization and development of Kazakhstani content is to maximize the involvement of domestic enterprises, specialists and technologies in the process of NPP construction, operation and maintenance. This will not only strengthen the country's technological sovereignty, but will also become a powerful incentive for the development of national industry, the creation of high-paying jobs and the formation of export potential.

     In countries implementing large-scale projects in the nuclear energy sector, the construction of nuclear power plants was accompanied by the modernization of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, construction and electrical engineering industries, as well as the formation of engineering and production competencies. Structured mechanisms for the recruitment and selection of suppliers were used to involve domestic enterprises, including certification, assessment of production potential, as well as integration of requirements for the quality and reliability of products and services supplied.

In the United Arab Emirates, for example, Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation has implemented support programs for local suppliers aimed at ensuring that their products comply with strict nuclear industry standards and international quality requirements.

     Also in Turkey, within the framework of the Akkuyu NPP project, local organizations that have passed technical expertise and meet the established requirements of the customer are allowed to participate.

     The use of similar approaches seems appropriate in Kazakhstan, where there are all the necessary prerequisites for successful localization. The country has developed mining, metallurgical, construction and chemical sectors, has scientific and technical potential and experience in participating in international projects. Kazakhstani enterprises are already supplying equipment and components for foreign nuclear power plants.

     At the same time, full-scale participation in the construction and maintenance of its own nuclear power plant requires the modernization of the production base, the development of legislation and a regulatory framework covering all stages - from the selection of a nuclear power plant site to commissioning (including safety rules, technical regulations, manuals and standards, design standards, etc.), the introduction of international and national quality standards and creation of new high-tech production facilities integrated into the supply chain of the nuclear industry.

     Personnel training

     The nuclear industry is one of the most knowledge-intensive and high-tech sectors of the economy, requiring deep interdisciplinary training in various fields, including physics, engineering, chemistry, materials science and information technology. The safe and effective functioning of the nuclear infrastructure requires specialists with a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical competencies.

     Leading countries with a developed nuclear sector are forming end-to-end personnel training systems, including vocational education at colleges and universities, practical training at research reactors, critical test benches and industrial facilities, postgraduate specialization and retraining, international internships and interaction with industry competence centers.

     In Kazakhstan, personnel training in the nuclear field is carried out mainly according to educational programs in the field of energy, physics, engineering and mining on the basis of domestic universities of the country and a branch of a foreign university (a branch of the National Research Nuclear University of the Moscow Institute of Engineering and Physics).

     The key universities of the country providing personnel training for the nuclear industry are: Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K. I.Satpayev, Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Eurasian National University named after L. N. Gumilyov, Almaty University of Energy and Communications named after G. Daukeev, Karaganda National Research University named after Academician E. A. Buketov, East Kazakhstan Technical University named after D. Serikbayeva, Shakarim University, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Toraigyrov University, Kazakh-British Technical University.

     The practical component of the training is provided by leading scientific organizations - the National Nuclear Center and the Institute of Nuclear Physics, on the basis of which internship programs, diploma and research projects, training in nuclear, radiation safety and non-destructive testing, as well as international staff training programs in reactor technologies, nuclear and radiological emergency training, radiation monitoring of the environment are implemented.

     International cooperation is developing - joint programs are being implemented with the Research University of the Moscow Institute of Engineering and Physics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, as well as the universities of Japan - Hokkaido and Osaka. Kazakhstan, being a member of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia), actively participates in its activities.

     Since 2007, 35 specialists in the field of nuclear industry and energy have been trained under the Bolashak program in countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Russia, South Korea and others.

     Nevertheless, taking into account the construction of nuclear power plants, the need for qualified personnel will increase significantly. It is planned to employ up to 10,000 people during the construction phase alone, including more than 3,000 technical workers. During the operational period, one NPP will provide employment for about 2 thousand people, of which:

     about 600 are specialists with higher specialized education;

     About 550 are mid-level specialists;

     About 850 are qualified workers.

     In this regard, active work is underway to update the educational programs of technical and vocational, post-secondary education. Special attention is paid to the training of workers in such professions as turbine equipment maintenance engineer, electrician and installer of NPP equipment, as well as technicians who play a key role in maintaining the operability and safety of nuclear power plants.

     Applied bachelor's degree programs in the field of nuclear energy are also being developed, which are to be integrated into the educational processes of higher education institutions and provide for the training of key specialists. For example, it requires the opening of new specialties for the training of reactor equipment operators who are responsible for the safe operation of a nuclear installation.

     According to international research, one job in the nuclear power industry creates up to ten jobs in related sectors of the economy, which highlights the multiplier effect of the industry's development.

     Nevertheless, Kazakhstan is facing a shortage of specialists in such key areas as:

     design and construction of nuclear facilities;

     energy and engineering;

     NPP operation and maintenance;

     radiation safety and management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel;

     nuclear physical security;

     information security;

     Materials science;

     metrology.

     Digital transformation and information security

     Today, in the context of modern digital transformation, the development of industries as a whole is becoming increasingly dependent on data and computing resources.

     Thus, in the nuclear industry, the use of digital technologies and artificial intelligence allows us to reach new horizons in modeling complex physical processes, including optimizing the operational characteristics of nuclear power plants, improving the modeling of emergency situations in nuclear reactors, increasing the safety and reliability of their operation.

     Currently, digitalization in the nuclear industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan is mainly local in nature and is implemented at the level of individual enterprises in the form of automation of production processes, the introduction of automated control systems and accounting systems. For example, individual companies are developing digital monitoring of uranium mining, accounting for uranium concentrate and elements of production logistics.

     At the same time, there is no single integrated digital system covering all key areas of development of the nuclear industry and ensuring an appropriate level of rapid response and predictability.

     Special attention will be paid to creating an end-to-end digital circuit for critical processes, digital support and the formation of industry data, including procedures for certification and admission of organizations to work in nuclear projects, the creation of an appropriate register of suppliers, the use of artificial intelligence capabilities, and others. Such a digital contour will ensure uniform accounting, quality control, automated checks and transparency of solutions.

     The lack of a unified digital environment also exacerbates the issues of information security in the nuclear industry, which is a key element of ensuring the country's national security.

     In recent years, the world has developed comprehensive tools for hacking industrial systems and critical infrastructure facilities, which usually exploit information security loopholes.

     In this regard, in order to protect nuclear industry facilities from such risks, a secure and fault-tolerant infrastructure with the introduction of specialized information security systems for critical facilities is needed. Such an infrastructure provides for the continuous development of the information security architecture, the strengthening of active and passive protection systems against information security incidents, as well as the improvement of monitoring, response and threat analysis processes.

     In addition, compliance with international standards and national legislation, as well as the requirements of other regulatory legal acts in the field of information security, is an important priority.

3. Main provisions: goals and principles, vision and approaches to the development of the nuclear industry

     The development of the nuclear industry is considered as a strategic direction of state policy, which will make it possible to form an integrated, safe, environmentally responsible and high-tech national nuclear cluster by 2050. In the long term, the core of this cluster will be nuclear energy, integrated with industry, science, education, and a system for the safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel.

     Taking into account the priorities of the Strategy for achieving Carbon Neutrality in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2060, as well as the need to diversify the sources of basic generation, it is planned to implement a phased program for the construction of at least three nuclear power plants. In this regard, taking into account the prospects for the formation of the nuclear sphere as a full-fledged branch of the national economy, a national holding company will be created, uniting nuclear energy enterprises.

At the same time, the further development of the industry is primarily aimed at strengthening national security and the priority will be to maintain an optimal balance between the volume of uranium production, the interests of investors and the need for strategic supply of raw materials for domestic uranium production and nuclear energy, as well as the development of production facilities for the production of high-grade products.

     The purpose of this Strategy is to ensure energy security, technological sovereignty and sustainable economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan through the phased formation of a competitive and high-tech nuclear industry.

     The Strategy is aimed at achieving national priorities in the field of efficient management of uranium resources, decarbonization, technological development and sustainable growth, as well as strengthening the country's scientific, industrial and human resources potential.

     In this regard, taking into account the best international practices and strategic interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the development of the nuclear industry provides for:

     development of nuclear energy, including the construction and safe operation of nuclear power plants, to ensure stable energy supply;

     strengthening the nuclear industry with ensuring the rational use of uranium resources for the sustainable functioning of the national nuclear energy;

     development of nuclear science and applied nuclear technologies to form a scientific and technological base for the further development of the industry;

     creation of an effective RW and SNF management system to minimize environmental risks and ensure radiation protection;

     strengthening the system of ensuring nuclear, radiation and nuclear physical safety to ensure the sustainable and safe development of the industry;

     localization of production and development of national industrial potential to increase the participation of domestic enterprises and technologies;

     systematic training of highly qualified specialists to build the human resources potential of the nuclear industry;

     ensuring digital transformation and information security in the nuclear industry.

     The achievement of these goals will ensure the comprehensive development of the national nuclear energy program, the main focus of which is the creation and operation of nuclear power plants to ensure their full life cycle.

     In this regard, the Strategy provides for the following key target indicators, the achievement of which generally determines the success of the industry's development.:

     The introduction of new nuclear generation capacities with accumulation is an indicator reflecting the total volume of commissioned nuclear generation capacities, taking into account previously commissioned capacities, on an accrual basis.;

     The volume of uranium reserves reserved for new nuclear generation facilities is an indicator that characterizes the amount of uranium resources assigned to projects for the commissioning of new nuclear generation facilities, ensuring their guaranteed and sustainable fuel supply in the long term.;

     The level of localization and Kazakhstani content in the supply of equipment and materials, works and services during the implementation of NPP construction projects is an indicator reflecting the share of the cost of goods, works and services of Kazakhstani origin in the total volume of purchases carried out during the implementation of NPP construction projects.

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Name

2025

2040

2050

Commissioning of new nuclear generation capacities with accumulation, MW

-

6000

8400

The volume of uranium reserves reserved for new nuclear generation facilities, thousand tons of uranium

-

100

150

The level of localization and Kazakhstani content in the supply of equipment and materials, works and services in the implementation of NPP construction projects, %

-

20-30%

at least 30%

     Table 1. Target indicators

     The development of the industry will be based on the following principles:

     The safety principle is to ensure nuclear and radiation safety, strict control at all stages of the life cycle of nuclear energy facilities;

     The principle of reliability is the use of modern reference technologies, guaranteed reliability of the supply chain of components and nuclear fuel, and ensuring proper maintenance of nuclear installations throughout their lifetime.;

     The principle of environmental responsibility is to minimize the impact of nuclear energy facilities on the environment and the public, including the concept of "polluter pays" in relation to radioactive waste.;

     the principle of reasonableness and economic expediency - making decisions based on scientific, technical and economic assessment, ensuring the rational use of resources and achieving maximum efficiency;

     The principle of localization is the maximum possible use of domestic raw materials, products, technologies and services, as well as extensive involvement of national personnel to ensure the development of domestic content.;

     The principle of non-proliferation is the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan to comply with the nuclear non-proliferation regime and ensure nuclear physical security;

     The principle of openness is the accessibility of information to the public regarding nuclear activities, the safety of nuclear and radiation installations, and the involvement of the public in decision-making in the development of the country's nuclear industry.;

     The principle of minimizing the formation of RW is to ensure that the volume and activity of RW are reduced to the lowest possible level at all stages of RW and SNF management.

     The implementation of this Strategy will be carried out through a set of systemic measures aimed at achieving targets and increasing the sustainability of the industry.

     Taking into account the IAEA standards and other international norms and regulations, the development of appropriate industry standards for the use of nuclear technologies in the energy sector, industry, nuclear medicine, agriculture, and other work to improve legislation, regulatory and regulatory framework, including in the field of subsoil use, will be ensured.

     It will also analyze and implement all necessary actions related to the application of IAEA safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, as well as with the provisions of other international conventions and treaties to which the Republic of Kazakhstan participates.

     As a result of the implementation of this Strategy, the nuclear sector will become a full-fledged branch of the national economy, affecting the country's energy balance, industrial, scientific and technological development, export potential, as well as the level of technological sovereignty.

     Nuclear power generation will occupy a significant share in the country's energy consumption structure, ensuring stable interaction with other energy sources, including gas plants and renewable sources. The integration of nuclear power plants into the unified energy system of the country will allow balancing the load, increasing the reliability of energy supply and reducing the carbon footprint of energy.

     Nuclear power facilities will be located in promising areas of the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the results of a comprehensive assessment of potential areas. One of the key criteria for the spatial location of nuclear power facilities is to ensure a balance between electricity production and consumption in the relevant regions of the country.

     Nuclear power industry

     The development of nuclear energy in the Republic of Kazakhstan is a strategic direction of state policy in the field of ensuring long-term energy security and independence, sustainable economic growth and achieving decarbonization goals.

     A Competence Center for the construction of nuclear power plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan will be established on the basis of a subordinate organization of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Atomic Energy, the Limited Liability Partnership Kazakhstan Nuclear Power Plants (hereinafter referred to as Kazakhstan Nuclear Power Plants LLP) with the functions of a project office, a general customer and the right to own state shares in future nuclear power plants.

     In the future, to consolidate efforts to develop nuclear energy, a specialized atomic energy holding company will be created on the basis of Kazakhstan Nuclear Power Plants LLP, which will combine the relevant design and operating organizations of Kazakhstan's nuclear power plants.

     1. Development of energy capacities:

     construction of the first nuclear power plant in the Almaty region (Southern zone of the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan) with a design capacity of 2,400 MW;

     construction of a second nuclear power plant in the Southern zone of the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a design capacity of up to 2,400 MW;

     construction of a nuclear power plant based on MMR with a total capacity of up to 1200 MW5;

     placement of nuclear power plants in one of the promising areas of the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a design capacity of up to 2,400 MW.

     2. Using MMR:

     conducting a technical and economic analysis of the applicability of the MMR in national conditions, taking into account regional specifics, requirements for reliability and economics of the project;

     participation in research activities on the development and design of MMR;

     identification of priority areas for the MMR, including in energy-deficient regions and in regions with underdeveloped power grid infrastructure, including the possibility of replacing obsolete thermal power plants.

     3. Energy planning and infrastructure integration:

     conducting a large-scale energy audit and forecasting of needs, including an assessment of the current state of generation, network capacity, scenarios of consumption growth and placement of new capacities. This will make it possible to reasonably plan the location of nuclear power plants and their integration into the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan.;

     development of the UES of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the construction and modernization of high-voltage power transmission lines, substations and connection infrastructure, as well as the creation of transport and network solutions for reliable distribution of electricity across regions and its possible export.

_____________________________________ 5 If economically feasible, taking into account the development of the National Energy Network of the Republic of Kazakhstan

     Nuclear industry

     The development of the nuclear industry is a priority area of the national industrial policy and involves the systematic strengthening of the resource base, the expansion of international cooperation and the introduction of advanced technologies.

     Within this area, development will be focused on two main strategic approaches.:

     1. Ensuring a stable and sustainable raw material base

     The following priority actions will be implemented to ensure long-term domestic demand for uranium, as well as to strengthen export positions.:

     conducting exploratory work on at least 2 new promising sites per year, aimed at identifying previously undiscovered uranium-bearing territories with high geological potential;

     development of exploration activities in already explored fields to clarify reserves, production technology and preparation for commissioning;

     ensuring the sustainable supply of sulfuric acid to uranium mining enterprises, a key reagent for the technology of underground borehole uranium leaching;

     development of new alternative methods of uranium extraction and processing, as well as prospects for entering foreign markets of the nuclear industry;

     ensuring the utilization of future uranium processing plants (conversion, enrichment, fabrication) through the supply of uranium from mining enterprises, regardless of participation in joint ventures;

     formation and approval of conceptual approaches to the creation of a strategic uranium reserve to provide raw materials for future nuclear power plants (including the scale, sources of formation and scenarios for the use of the reserve);

     efficient and rational use of energy resources through comprehensive regulation of uranium mining and replenishment of the resource base in order to maximize the benefits of its own resources over a long period and preserve them for future generations.

     2. Formation of the missing links of the nuclear fuel cycle with high added value

     The creation of missing links in the nuclear fuel cycle is a prerequisite for increasing technological independence and a gradual transition to a model of deeper processing of nuclear materials. The key approaches in this direction will be:

     conducting technical, economic and legal studies on the possible localization of uranium conversion, taking into account the recommendations of the IAEA and the international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

     conducting technical, economic and legal studies on the possible localization of uranium enrichment, taking into account the requirements of the non-proliferation regime, the recommendations of the IAEA and the international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

     conducting fundamental and applied research and development work;

     conducting a study and evaluation of the prospects for the introduction of advanced uranium enrichment technologies for possible use in future enrichment plants;

     localization of production of nuclear fuel components - fuel elements and assemblies - for reactors planned for construction in Kazakhstan;

     The development of a high-tech base through the creation and participation in globally oriented nuclear fuel cycle production facilities to expand the country's presence and strengthen its position in world markets.

     Nuclear science and applied technologies

     The development of nuclear science and technology in the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered as a priority strategic direction, covering the strengthening of the scientific and technical base, modernization of research infrastructure, expansion of international cooperation and the introduction of nuclear technologies in medicine, ecology and industry, agriculture, as well as scientific support for the development of nuclear energy, including NPP construction projects.

     In general, the development of the Kazakh nuclear industry should be carried out with the active involvement of domestic science, business, industry and international cooperation, forming an innovative system combining education - science -production,

     The implementation of the following key approaches is envisaged in this area::

     1. Formation of knowledge-intensive territories:

     creation of science cities and science and technology parks in the field of atomic energy use, including the construction of university campuses, dormitories and guest houses for scientists;

     construction of modern research and laboratory infrastructure for scientific and technical support of nuclear industry facilities;

     construction of a new multipurpose research reactor;

     an increase in the total number of scientific publications in the nuclear industry by 2.5 times by 2050 compared to the level of 2020-2025, and the number of articles in journals of the first and second quartiles (Q1-Q2) by more than 2 times.

     2. Modernization of the research infrastructure:

     reconstruction and retrofitting of research reactors, experimental facilities and laboratories;

     The expansion and development of the Tokamak complex and the creation of an international laboratory for controlled thermonuclear fusion on its basis, which is a promising and safe source of nuclear energy.;

     development and implementation of an ultracold neutron source used for high-precision fundamental research in the field of nuclear and neutron physics;

     creation of an industrial site for neutron transmutation doping of silicon to produce materials with improved electrical and physical characteristics;

     creation of a Center for radiation treatment of food products for antimicrobial treatment and disinfection of food and agricultural products using safe irradiation technologies;

     creation of a production site for electron accelerators for use in scientific research, medical technologies and radiation treatment;

     creation of a cyclotron research and production complex for the development of nuclear physics, radiation materials science, high-tech technologies for the production of radioisotopes for various purposes and the training of nuclear industry specialists;

     creation of a building for the preparation and analytical testing of samples of rare earth metals (hereinafter referred to as REM) in order to expand the scientific and production potential of analytical research on the development and implementation of methods for the determination of REM and platinum group metals in geological samples;

     creation of a pilot mechanical workshop and a Bureau for the development of MMR, which will allow the development, manufacture and testing of equipment for particle accelerators, reactors and other installations;

     modernization and expansion of the Center for Non-Destructive Testing and Testing Methods, which ensures that materials and products are checked for strength, defects, and compliance without damage;

     creation of a Scientific and Technological Center for Solid-state Radiation Physics in order to study promising materials intended for nuclear and thermonuclear reactors;

     development of technological solutions in the field of creation and application of nanostructured structural and functional materials for nuclear power and reactor engineering, aimed at increasing radiation resistance, reliability and operational life of nuclear installations;

     development of nanostructured adsorbents and membrane technologies for selective extraction of radionuclides, purification of liquid radioactive waste and improvement of the efficiency of radiation and environmental safety systems of nuclear industry facilities;

     expansion of production of industrial ionizing radiation sources;

     development of accelerator, radiation and detector technologies for fundamental and applied research.

     3. Development of scientific support for nuclear and radiation safety:

     The creation of a Competence Center for Nuclear Engineering, which will consolidate the development of the main areas of scientific and technical activities necessary for the full-fledged development of the nuclear energy industry, with access in the future to the development of a nuclear power plant of its own design.;

     creation of a scientific and technical support structure for the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy to support NPP projects at all stages of their life cycle, including in the development of regulatory documentation;

     creation of a test base for structural elements of existing and prospective nuclear reactor projects to form a consolidated infrastructure base for reactor and non-reactor modeling of various reactor operating modes;

     conducting surveys of polluted territories and developing scientific and methodological approaches to their rehabilitation;

     the use of nuclear, seismic, and infrasound methods to assess the effects of climate change.

     4. Fulfilling international obligations in the field of nuclear nonproliferation:

     conversion of the IGRY research reactor to low-enriched uranium fuel with the condition of preserving its characteristics, confirmed by computational and analytical justification and reactor tests of low-enriched uranium fuel;

     implementation of a program for dilution and immobilization of highly enriched uranium previously used in research facilities.

     5. Development of nuclear medicine and isotope production:

     commissioning of the cyclotron complex and conducting scientific research to organize the production of medical isotopes used in radiotherapy of oncological and other diseases, mastering technologies for obtaining the necessary isotopes;

development of neutron capture therapy using research nuclear reactors and accelerator infrastructure, including scientific research and technological development;

     increased production of the cobalt-57 isotope, which is in high demand on the international market for medical and scientific purposes;

     creation of a Theranostics Center for the diagnosis and treatment of oncological diseases.

     Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel

     Taking into account the accumulated historical heritage, the growth of RW volumes, as well as the start of construction of new nuclear power plants, it is planned to implement an integrated approach to the management of RW and SNF. The system will be built on the basis of international recommendations, IAEA standards, national priorities in the field of safety, modern technologies and the principle of minimizing environmental impact in the long term.

     The development of this area is carried out according to the following key approaches:

     1. Regulatory and institutional support:

     adoption of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Radioactive Waste Management", which will contain legal definitions, criteria for waste classification, principles of safe handling;

     appointment of a national operator for the management of radioactive waste, which will coordinate the entire life cycle of waste - from reception and transportation to temporary storage, processing and final disposal, including accounting and reporting;

     implementation of a national RW classification system based on international approaches, taking into account the level of radiation hazard, aggregate state, shelf life and method of subsequent treatment (processing, conditioning, burial);

     creation of a register of radioactive waste reflecting information on accumulated, newly generated and projected waste. The register will include data on waste from nuclear testing, uranium mining and processing, operation of nuclear installations, activities of medical organizations, as well as radioactive waste generated in coal, oil and gas and other industries related to man-made radionuclides.;

     development of conceptual approaches for the safe management of RW and SNF, taking into account the expediency and acceptability of the development of relevant domestic technologies.

     2. Development of waste management infrastructure:

     creation of a Center for the processing of radioactive waste, providing for a full technological cycle - sorting, conditioning, cementing and safe packaging of waste;

     creation of disposal sites for radioactive waste, ensuring their reliable and long-term isolation in accordance with geological, hydrogeological and seismic requirements;

     establishment of a Center for certification testing of containers for certification and approval of designs of packages of domestic production intended for storage, transportation and burial of radioactive waste, in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan and recommendations of the IAEA;

     ensuring the safe operation of existing RW and SNF storage facilities;

     creation of local near-surface burial sites for radioactively contaminated soils formed during uranium mining near uranium mining sites.

     3. Scientific and technical support of the RW and SNF management system:

     development of scientific and technological competencies aimed at creating advanced solutions in the field of recycling, conditioning and long-term isolation of radioactive waste, including research on multi-barrier engineering and natural systems for the subsequent formation of national burial infrastructure;

     the formation of a scientific foundation that ensures safe and efficient SNF management within the framework of the development of the energy program, including research on the behavior of fuels during pool and dry storage, as well as the improvement of technologies for its preparation and conditioning;

     development of the national scientific and engineering base in the field of SNF management of all types of nuclear installations, both energy and research, including training specialists, technology improvement and the formation of competencies to solve long-term fuel cycle problems;

     support for research on advanced technologies for SNF reprocessing and assessment of the potential of the closed nuclear fuel cycle as a possible long-term direction for the development of the industry, including Kazakhstan's participation in international pilot projects and scientific programs;

     Strengthening international scientific and technical cooperation, including the involvement of IAEA experts and leading research organizations to independently evaluate national projects, transfer knowledge, and ensure compliance with international safety and nonproliferation standards.

     4. Environmental safety and radiation protection

     creation, implementation and support of radiation monitoring systems at nuclear energy facilities and other radiation-hazardous facilities;

     creation of a Center for Integrated Dosimetry and development of a national radiation monitoring system, which will consolidate and develop a methodological base for emergency dosimetry and monitoring at radiation-hazardous facilities in the industry.;

     development of reclamation programs for territories polluted as a result of historical activities;

     multi-barrier protection during storage, processing and burial of RW and SNF, including natural and artificial barriers;

     minimization of waste volumes through recycling, decontamination, conditioning and technology to reduce the burden of highly active waste;

     strict compliance with the international standards of the IAEA in terms of environmental safety, radiation protection and radioactive waste management.

     5. Information and explanatory work:

     conducting systematic information and explanatory work on the safety of modern nuclear power plants and waste management;

     involvement of independent experts, representatives of the scientific community and international organizations to increase trust;

     organizing a dialogue with local communities near potential sites.

     Nuclear, radiation and nuclear physical safety

     1. Government regulation, supervision and international obligations:

     bringing national legislation in line with international standards and requirements;

     development of plans and systems for responding to emergencies related to nuclear facilities;

     Strengthening the Committee in terms of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety and giving it the status of an independent state body in accordance with the recommendations of the IAEA and the requirements of the Convention on Nuclear Safety by the time the NPP is completed.

     2. Technical and infrastructural security support:

     creation of a Nuclear Forensics Center for analytical support of law enforcement agencies;

     creation of a Center for Operational Monitoring and Response to Nuclear and radiation incidents, monitoring the situation at nuclear facilities in real time, using examples of existing international experience;

     modernization of physical protection systems based on international cooperation in order to introduce modern security technologies, comply with international recommendations and obligations of the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its amendment, which will support an effective national system of physical protection of nuclear materials and nuclear installations based on a risk-based approach, multi-level protection, prevention of unauthorized actions and preparedness for response;

     creation of the Semipalatinsk nuclear Safety Zone - consolidation of the legal status, establishment of borders, ensuring continuous monitoring;

     creation of the Radioecological Atlas of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

     monitoring in support of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, reconstruction and expansion of the existing national monitoring network, including the construction of new seismic and infrasound stations (which will improve the accuracy of monitoring natural and man-made earthquakes, study geodynamic processes and reduce seismic risks for future nuclear facilities) and the development of a National Data Center;

     Creation of a fleet of special mobile field radioecological laboratories, which will allow for an inventory of nuclear heritage sites and obtain information on the current radioecological state of environmental facilities typical for each region of the country.;

     strengthening the security forces and responding to external and internal threats to protected nuclear energy facilities;

     Strengthening emergency response forces in accordance with the National Nuclear and Radiation Accident Response Plan approved by Resolution No. 467 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August 19, 2016;

     creation and maintenance of state standards for ionizing radiation sources and the formation of a modern national system of metrological support for the nuclear industry, including through the development of the technical base and infrastructure, provision of metrological support for the life cycle of nuclear power plants, as well as international metrological cooperation.

     Localization of production and development of Kazakhstani content in the nuclear energy development program

     In order to realize the potential of localization and development of Kazakhstani content in the nuclear industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the following approaches will be implemented:

     1. System localization coordination:

     development and implementation of the relevant planning document on localization and development of Kazakhstani content in the nuclear industry;

     maintaining a centralized supplier registry;

     introduction of transparent mechanisms for assessing the production potential of domestic companies;

mandatory certification of products and services for compliance with nuclear safety requirements, as well as international and national standards.

     2. Modernization and adaptation of existing production facilities:

     carrying out technical re-equipment of construction, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical and other enterprises to produce products that meet international and national standards of the nuclear industry;

     development and localization of components of critical systems - electrical equipment, cable routes, pipelines, security systems, energy supply and others.

     3. Creation of new production facilities and joint ventures:

     organization of joint productions with international technological partners for the production of equipment, metal structures, thermal insulation, anti-corrosion systems and other types of production for the needs of the nuclear industry;

     creation of production facilities for construction, radiation-resistant (thick-walled steel, high-strength concrete, fire-resistant materials) and other materials;

     creation of specialized service and engineering centers providing maintenance of NPP equipment at all stages of its life cycle.

     Personnel training

     In the context of the large-scale transformation of the nuclear industry and the implementation of long-term projects for the construction of nuclear facilities, the formation of a sustainable, modern and flexible personnel training system is becoming a priority of state policy.

     Within the framework of this Strategy, a comprehensive development of the nuclear industry personnel training system is planned, for the practical implementation of which the following approaches are envisaged:

     1. Strategic personnel planning and quality of training:

     step-by-step development of the personnel training system based in the initial stages on existing educational, scientific and industry programs, followed by the expansion and implementation of new personnel training programs for the nuclear industry, taking into account the recommendations of the IAEA and vendor countries;

     development and updating of professional standards, adaptation of educational programs to industry requirements and technological challenges;

     the introduction of an independent assessment of competencies, a system of personnel certification and industry-specific accreditation of educational programs;

     creation of an educational and training center for nuclear energy personnel training in the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to consolidate competencies and accumulate knowledge.

     2. Development of educational infrastructure:

     support and development of leading technical universities implementing training programs in nuclear, engineering and energy fields;

     increasing the number of state educational grants for training specialists in priority areas of the industry;

     expansion of branches of foreign universities with recognized international experience in the field of nuclear technology;

     creation of simulators for industrial reactors and MMR based on industry institutes;

     practical training of specialists at the critical stand and research reactors, sites of leading scientific and industrial organizations.

     3. Retraining and advanced training programs:

     establishment and development of colleges in the regions where nuclear facilities are located to train mid-level specialists;

     professional development of engineering and technical specialists, as well as employees of supervisory and authorized bodies of the industry, including representatives of interested government agencies whose activities will be related to certain aspects of the functioning of nuclear facilities, in accordance with the legislation of the state and the recommendations of the IAEA.

     4. International educational cooperation:

     implementation of joint educational programs and academic exchanges with specialized universities and organizations of the leading countries of the industry, including studies at foreign universities in the fields of nuclear energy under the Bolashak program;

     organization of internships at existing nuclear power plants and in specialized research centers of foreign partners.

     Digital transformation and information security

     Digital transformation and information security are interrelated and together are key factors for the sustainable and secure development of the industry in modern conditions. The development of digital solutions without reliable protection of critical information infrastructure creates additional risks, whereas an effective information security system is impossible without transparent, formalized and digitized processes.

     1. Digital transformation of the industry

     The nuclear industry includes various interrelated areas of activity, as they develop, its structure will expand and be complemented by conceptual and technological solutions, infrastructure, facilities and competencies in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

     Such a multicomponent and promising industry requires a transition to a comprehensive digital transformation that ensures effective process management, transparency and improved quality of decisions.

     In this regard, the following approaches will be implemented in compliance with the requirements of the legislation and international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

     creation of a single industry portal providing certification of products and services, maintaining a register of suppliers, accounting and monitoring of Kazakhstani content;

     creation of a unified digital architecture of industry data, necessary for the formation of a unified data model and a digital platform for working with massive information, modeling and analyzing industry information;

     creation of a Data processing center and laboratory for the development and application of artificial intelligence;

     development and implementation of the relevant planning document on digitalization of processes in certain areas of the nuclear industry, indicating specific measures,

     2. Information security

     Information security is a key condition for preventing threats in the nuclear industry, given the increasing cyber risks in the world regarding automated control systems, radiation monitoring, physical protection systems and logistics of nuclear materials.

     The following set of approaches is envisaged to minimize the consequences of potential cyber attacks:

     implementation of a secure digital infrastructure of nuclear industry facilities;

     continuous monitoring of critical systems, supplier audit, object categorization, scenario modeling of cyber threats;

     organization of an industry Information Security Incident Response Center and provision of a personnel reserve for industrial information security;

     fulfilling international obligations and ensuring compliance with the IAEA recommendations in the field of safety, as well as relevant national standards harmonized with international standards;

     compliance with laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of information security.

     Also, in order to increase the sustainable development of the nuclear industry, it is necessary to develop human resources, combining the competencies of specialists in nuclear technology and information security. As a result, a unified protection system will be formed to ensure the sustainable development of the nuclear industry and reduce the risks of man-made and cyber incidents.

4. Conclusion

     The adoption and implementation of this Strategy will make the Republic of Kazakhstan one of the technological leaders in the region, contributing to the formation of a high-tech economy and contributing to solving climate issues.

     The development of nuclear energy and the large-scale introduction of modern and safe nuclear energy technologies will ensure reliable and sustainable electricity supplies for industry and the population of Kazakhstan while reducing dependence on hydrocarbon sources, contributing to the fulfillment of commitments to reduce man-made greenhouse gas emissions.

     By 2050, at least three nuclear power plants will operate in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Taking into account the projected increase in electricity consumption, it is planned to implement a project for the construction of a fourth station, which will fully cover the growing needs of the economy and the population for reliable and environmentally friendly energy.

     Options for the construction of nuclear power plants based on the MMR in suitable regions of the country will also be considered, taking into account technological and economic feasibility, as well as for replacing decommissioned coal plants with appropriate nuclear facilities. All this will make it possible to diversify the energy sector of the economy and significantly increase the energy security and independence of the country.

     The development of the uranium industry and key stages of the nuclear fuel cycle will ensure the optimal volume of uranium production in the country, a reliable resource base and a strategic fuel reserve for the needs of domestic nuclear energy, as well as the most rational use of uranium resources for the benefit of the people of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to master the production of high-end products with high added value, including export-oriented ones.

     Building a modern and effective RW and SNF management system, providing for the definition of a national operator, the creation of a clear regulatory and developed infrastructure base, will significantly reduce the negative impact of RW on the population and the environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan, resolve the issue of their final isolation, ensure systematization and high-quality monitoring of RW and SNF management facilities, and implement the policy of treating SNF as a valuable energy resource, including for the BN-350 reactor stored in SNF.

The development of science and the scientific and technical base will significantly increase the scientific and innovative potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy, ensure the promotion of advanced nuclear technologies, including research into the creation of new generation reactors, the development of thermonuclear energy and radiation technologies used in other spheres of life, as well as ensure a representative domestic scientific andtechnical support for the development of efficient nuclear technologies in a wide range of sectors of the national economy.

     The development of nuclear medicine will directly contribute to improving the quality and average life expectancy of citizens through the introduction of innovative nuclear technologies in healthcare, the expansion of the production of radiopharmaceuticals, as well as innovative methods of radiation therapy.

     The development of the regulatory and institutional framework will strengthen the structures of authorized state bodies, ensure high-quality supervision and control over activities in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy, harmonize and improve the regulatory framework, and comply with the provisions of international treaties and conventions, which will directly ensure the maximum level of safety at all stages of the life cycle of generation and use facilities. atomic energy.

     The creation of a centralized national personnel training system will make it possible to provide the nuclear industry, as well as related industries and industries with the necessary number of highly qualified domestic personnel, and significantly improve the educational process in a wide range of relevant specialties.

     Along with the above, the implementation of the main measures of this Strategy will help to increase the country's competitiveness, localization of production, technology transfer and export of services, and extract significant economic benefits by supporting the development of domestic production and creating new jobs.

     In general, the development of the nuclear industry will not only ensure energy security and meet international climate commitments, but will also make a significant contribution to sustainable economic growth. Its development will ensure large-scale investment attraction, industrial modernization and regional development, increase the share of high-tech exports, and strengthen the financial independence of the state through tax revenues and gross domestic product growth.

President    

Republic of Kazakhstan     

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